Working Memory and Instructional Fit: Reintroducing Aptitude–Treatment Interaction in Education Research

Working memory (WM) is a cognitive system with limited capacity that enables individuals to focus on goal-relevant information while filtering distractions and integrating new knowledge. Differences in WM capacity influence how students engage with instructional materials, shaping the effectiveness of educational interventions. This raises the following question: which instructional methods work best, for whom, and under what conditions? The aptitude–treatment interaction (ATI) framework addresses this by examining how learning outcomes are influenced by the alignment between cognitive abilities, such as WM, and instructional strategies. This paper reviews WM’s role in learning and academic achievement, explores ATI’s relevance in contemporary education research, and highlights how this framework can guide the development of adaptive instructional strategies that support diverse learners.