TY - JOUR
T1 - Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease
T2 - Risks and implications for care
AU - Clark, Alexander M.
AU - DesMeules, Marie
AU - Luo, Wei
AU - Duncan, Amanda S.
AU - Wielgosz, Andy
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
PY - 2009/11/1
Y1 - 2009/11/1
N2 - Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to an individual's social position relative to other members of a society. Low SES is associated with large increases in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in men and women. The inverse association between SES and CVD risk in high-income countries is the result of the high prevalence and compounding effects of multiple behavioral and psychosocial risk factors in people of low SES. However, strong and consistent evidence shows that parental SES, childhood and early-life factors, and inequalities in health services also contribute to elevated CVD risk in people of low SES who live in high-income countries. In addition, place of residence can affect CVD risk, although the data on the influence of wealth distribution and work-related factors are inconsistent. Studies on the effects of SES on CVD risk in low-income and middle-income countries is scarce, but evidence is emerging that the increasing wealth of these countries is beginning to lead to replication of the patterns seen in high-income countries. Clinicians should address the association between SES and CVD by incorporating SES into CVD risk calculations and screening tools, reducing behavioral and psychosocial risk factors via effective and equitable primary and secondary prevention, undertaking health equity audits to assess inequalities in care provision and outcomes, and by use of multidisciplinary teams to address risk factors over the life course.
AB - Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to an individual's social position relative to other members of a society. Low SES is associated with large increases in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in men and women. The inverse association between SES and CVD risk in high-income countries is the result of the high prevalence and compounding effects of multiple behavioral and psychosocial risk factors in people of low SES. However, strong and consistent evidence shows that parental SES, childhood and early-life factors, and inequalities in health services also contribute to elevated CVD risk in people of low SES who live in high-income countries. In addition, place of residence can affect CVD risk, although the data on the influence of wealth distribution and work-related factors are inconsistent. Studies on the effects of SES on CVD risk in low-income and middle-income countries is scarce, but evidence is emerging that the increasing wealth of these countries is beginning to lead to replication of the patterns seen in high-income countries. Clinicians should address the association between SES and CVD by incorporating SES into CVD risk calculations and screening tools, reducing behavioral and psychosocial risk factors via effective and equitable primary and secondary prevention, undertaking health equity audits to assess inequalities in care provision and outcomes, and by use of multidisciplinary teams to address risk factors over the life course.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=73949119179&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.163
DO - 10.1038/nrcardio.2009.163
M3 - Review article
C2 - 19770848
AN - SCOPUS:73949119179
SN - 1759-5002
VL - 6
SP - 712
EP - 722
JO - Nature Reviews Cardiology
JF - Nature Reviews Cardiology
IS - 11
ER -