@inbook{e3013b1b51f24f52976be85791c87788,
title = "Learning traces, competence assessment, and causal inference for English composition",
abstract = "It is widely acknowledged that writing is a process and should be taught as a process. However, it is still assessed as though it is a product. Educational technology makes now possible for teachers to become observers of the writing process of their students to discover how their writing competences (e.g., grammatical accuracy, topic flow, transition, and vocabulary usage) develop over time. The present research proposes an innovative technique to identify the actual drivers of writing performance through a formal causality framework, unleashing a new source of potential insights to scaffold more effectively the writing process and guarantee more reliable success at the end.",
keywords = "Analytics of writing process, Big data, Causality, Competence, Learning analytics, Natural-language processing",
author = "Clayton Clemens and Vivekanandan Kumar and David Boulanger and J{\'e}r{\'e}mie Seanosky and Kinshuk",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This research is supported by the Industrial Research Chair and Discovery programs of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the internal research funding programs of Athabasca University, Canada. Funding Information: This research is supported by the Industrial Research Chair and Discovery programs of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the internal research funding programs of Athabasca University, Canada. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.",
year = "2018",
doi = "10.1007/978-981-13-0650-1_3",
language = "English",
series = "Lecture Notes in Educational Technology",
pages = "49--67",
booktitle = "Lecture Notes in Educational Technology",
}