@article{ce1301bea86544a08a9ff1651635a447,
title = "GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during the geomagnetic storm of 17–18 March 2015",
abstract = "The geomagnetic storm of 17–18 March 2015 was caused by the impacts of a coronal mass ejection and a high-speed plasma stream from a coronal hole. The high-latitude ionosphere dynamics is studied using arrays of ground-based instruments including GPS receivers, HF radars, ionosondes, riometers, and magnetometers. The phase scintillation index is computed for signals sampled at a rate of up to 100 Hz by specialized GPS scintillation receivers supplemented by the phase scintillation proxy index obtained from geodetic-quality GPS data sampled at 1 Hz. In the context of solar wind coupling to the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, it is shown that GPS phase scintillation is primarily enhanced in the cusp, the tongue of ionization that is broken into patches drawn into the polar cap from the dayside storm-enhanced plasma density, and in the auroral oval. In this paper we examine the relation between the scintillation and auroral electrojet currents observed by arrays of ground-based magnetometers as well as energetic particle precipitation observed by the DMSP satellites. Equivalent ionospheric currents are obtained from ground magnetometer data using the spherical elementary currents systems technique that has been applied over the ground magnetometer networks in North America and North Europe. The GPS phase scintillation is mapped to the poleward side of strong westward electrojet and to the edge of the eastward electrojet region. Also, the scintillation was generally collocated with fluxes of energetic electron precipitation observed by DMSP satellites with the exception of a period of pulsating aurora when only very weak currents were observed.",
keywords = "auroral currents, geomagnetic storm, GPS scintillation, ionospheric irregularities",
author = "P. Prikryl and R. Ghoddousi-Fard and Weygand, {J. M.} and A. Viljanen and M. Connors and Danskin, {D. W.} and Jayachandran, {P. T.} and Jacobsen, {K. S.} and Andalsvik, {Y. L.} and Thomas, {E. G.} and Ruohoniemi, {J. M.} and T. Durgonics and K. Oksavik and Y. Zhang and E. Spanswick and M. Aquino and V. Sreeja",
note = "Funding Information: Infrastructure funding for CHAIN was provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the New Brunswick Innovation Foundation. CHAIN operation is conducted in collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The magnetometer and riometer operation and data processing were supported by the Geomagnetic Laboratory, Natural Resources Canada. The Virginia Tech authors acknowledge the support of NSF awards AGS-0838219 and AGS-0946900. The authors acknowledge the use of SuperDARN data. SuperDARN is a collection of radars funded by national scientific funding agencies of Australia, Canada, China, France, Japan, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. IMAGE magnetometer data are provided by several institutes from Finland, Norway, Sweden, Poland, and Russia. The DMSP particle detectors were designed by Dave Hardy of AFRL, and data were obtained from JHU/APL. International GNSS Service (IGS) and its contributing organizations, including the Denmark Technical University National Space Institute are gratefully acknowledged for contributing 1 Hz GPS data. The Norwegian Mapping Authority provided data obtained by a national real-time kinematic positioning network. Data contributed by the Nottingham Geospatial Institute are from a network of GNSS receivers established through a research grant by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC grant EP/H003479/1). K.O. is supported by the Research Council of Norway under contracts 212014 and 223252. We thank the many different groups operating magnetometer arrays for providing data for this study, including the THEMIS UCLA magnetometer network (Ground-based Imager and Magnetometer Network for Auroral Studies) funded through NSF grant AGS-1004736. AUTUMNX magnetometer network is funded through the Canadian Space Agency/Geospace Observatory (GO) Canada program Athabasca University, Centre for Science/Faculty of Science and Technology. The Canadian Space Science Data Portal is funded in part by the Canadian Space Agency contract numbers 9 F007-071429 and 9 F007-070993. The Canadian Magnetic Observatory Network (CANMON) is maintained and operated by the Geological Survey of Canada (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/geomag). The Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS) array is supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grant ATM-0827903 to Augsburg College. The McMAC Project is sponsored by the Magnetospheric Physics Program of National Science Foundation through grant AGS-0245139 and maintained by Peter Chi. We would like to thank the following: J{\"u}rgen Matzka for calibrating the DTU magnetometers; M. J. Engebretson, D. Murr, and E.S. Steinmetz at Augsburg College; and the MACCS team. The Solar and Terrestrial Physics (STEP) magnetometer file storage is at the Department of Earth and Planetary Physics, University of Tokyo and maintained by Kanji Hayashi (hayashi@grl.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp). The USGS Geomagnetism Program. This work was supported by the Public Safety Geosciences program of the Natural Resources Canada, Earth Sciences Sector (NRCan ESS Contribution 20160133). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2016",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/2016JA023171",
language = "English",
volume = "121",
pages = "10,448--10,465",
number = "10",
}